Selected secondary reading

For the general context of the Anglo-Norman 'realm', there are two outstanding collections of essays that trace the relationship between England and Normandy in the Middle Ages: Bates and Curry 1994 and Gazeau and Bouet 2003. The changing nature of English and Norman identity before and after 1204 is discussed in Thomas 2003. For the collapse of the Anglo-Norman realm under King John, the starting point remains Sir Maurice Powicke's The Loss of Normandy, first published in 1913 (Powicke 1961). Other works which place these events in their long-term context include works include the masterly summary in Holt 1975; by Crouch 1994, which discusses the divergence of the English and Norman aristocracy; Billoré (2006), reflecting upon the more oppressive aspects of Plantagen't rule in Normandy; Power 1999, considering King John's progressive loss of support amongst the Norman aristocracy; and the collection of articles dedicated to the events of 1204 in Flambard-H'richer and Gazeau 2007. The most recent detailed discussion of the decline of Angevin Normandy is in Power 2004. One important aspect of the historiography of the loss of Normandy has been the question of the relative financial positions of the Plantagenet and Capetian kings, most clearly stated in Holt 1984 and Barratt 1999; summaries of and references for this debate can be found in Barratt 2005.

For the reigns of the kings of England in this period, standard works include John Gillingham's biography of Richard I (Gillingham 1999), W.L. Warren's biography of King John (Warren 1978) and David Carpenter's study of the formative period of the minority of Henry III (Carpenter 1990). For France, see John Baldwin's biography of Philip Augustus (Baldwin 1986) and the essays in Bautier 1982. The best study of Louis VIII, who came close to gaining the English throne in 1216 and for a time offered a realistic chance of England and Normandy being reunited, is still Petit-Dutaillis (1898).

As the Lands of the Normans project indicates, much remains to be said about the fortunes of the Anglo-Norman aristocracy after 1204. The chief published survey remains the appendix to Powicke (1961), which is a useful point of entry but very inadequate. Recent works considering this problem include Thompson 2003 and Power 2003c. The role played in English politics by lands confiscated from Normans is explored in Nicholas Vincent's biography of Peter des Roches (Vincent 1996), and in several fine case-studies, in particular Vincent 1997, concerning Twyford (Bucks.), Crook 2004, concerning Bingham and North Wheatley (Notts.), and Thompson 2002, concerning the honour of Perche in England, which included extensive estates in Suffolk, Essex, Kent, Wiltshire, Berkshire, and Buckinghamshire. For the corresponding confiscations by Philip Augustus, see Musset (1982), which discusses the annexation of Normandy to the royal demesne, Nortier 1995, and Power (2007).

There are a number of studies of particular Anglo-Norman families. Loyd 1951 and Sanders 1960 remain very useful handbooks, and can be supplemented by the details given in the appendices to Powicke 1961 and Power 2004. Also relevant are Round 1996 on the counts of St. Pol and Kathleen Thompson on the lords of l'Aigle (Thompson 1996). The Marshal earls of Pembroke, who enjoyed most success of all in retaining their cross-Channel estates' for a time' are discussed by Crouch 2002 and Power 2003.

It is important to remember that an integral part of Normandy, the Channel Isles, remained under the rule of the kings of England after 1204 and indeed persists to this day: for their fate in and after 1204, see Everard and Holt 2004, Stevenson 1976 and Stevenson 1977.

Further Reading (published works only)

Aurell, M. (ed.) (2001), Noblesses de l'espace Plantagenêt (1154-1224) (Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, numéro spécial XI) (Poitiers).

Aurell, M., and Tonnerre, N.-Y. (eds.) (2006), Plantagenêts et Capétiens: Confrontations et Héritages (Turnhout).

Baldwin, J.W. (1986), The Government of Philip Augustus: foundations of French royal power in the Middle Ages (Berkeley, CA).

Barratt, N. (1999),'The revenues of John and Philip Augustus revisited', King John: New Interpretations, ed. S.D. Church (Woodbridge), 75-99.

Barratt, N. (2005), 'Counting the Cost: the financial implications of the Loss of Normandy', Thirteenth Century England X: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 2003, eds. M. Prestwich, R. Frame and R. H. Britnell (Woodbridge), 31-40.

Bates, D., and Curry, A. (eds.) (1994), England and Normandy in the Middle Ages (London).

Bautier, R.-H. (ed.) (1982), La France de Philippe Auguste: le temps des mutations (Paris).

Berger, É. (1893),'Les préparatifs d'une invasion anglaise et la descente de Henri III en Bretagne', Bibliothéque de l'École des Chartes 54, pp. 5-44.

Billoré, M. (2005),'Le château, enjeu de pouvoir en Normandie, du règne d'Henri II à la conquête de Philippe Auguste', Cinquante années d'études médiévales à la confluence de nos disciplines. Actes du Colloque organisé à l'occasion du Cinquantenaire du CESCM, Poitiers, 1er-4 septembre 2003, ed. C. Arrignon, M.-H. Debiès, C. Galderisi, and É. Palazzo (Turnhout), pp. 165-87.

Billoré, M. (2006),'Y a-t-il une 'oppression' des Plantagenêt sur l'aristocratie en Normandie à la veille de 1204?', Plantagenêts et Capétiens: confrontations et héritages, ed. M. Aurell and N.-Y. Tonnerre (Turnhout), pp. 145-61.

Carpenter, D. (1990), The minority of Henry III (London).

Church, S.D. (ed.) (1999), King John: New Interpretations (Woodbridge).

Coulson, C.L.H. (1984),'Fortress-policy in Capetian tradition and Angevin practice: aspects of the conquest of Normandy by Philip Augustus', Anglo-Norman Studies VI, pp. 13-38.

Coulson, C.L.H. (1989),'The impact of Bouvines on the fortress-policy of Philip Augustus', Studies in Medieval History presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. C. Harper-Bill, C.J. Holdsworth, and J.L. Nelson (Woodbridge), pp. 71-80.

Crook, D. (2004), 'The "Lands of the Normans" in Thirteenth Century Nottinghamshire: Bingham and Wheatley'. Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire, 108, pp. 101-7.

Crouch, D. (1994),'Normans and Anglo-Normans: a divided aristocracy?', England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, ed. D. Bates and A. Curry (London), 51-67.

Crouch, D. (2002), William Marshal: knighthood, war and chivalry, 1147-1219 (2nd ed., Harlow).

Dawes, G. (ed.) (2004), Commise 1204. Studies in the History and Law of Continental and Insular Normandy (St Peter Port).

Everard, J.A. (2000), Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire 1158-1203 (Cambridge).

Everard, J.A., and Holt, J.C. (2004), Jersey 1204: the forging of an island community (London).

Flambard-Héricher, A., and Gazeau, V. (eds.) (2007), 1204: La Normandie entre Plantagenêts et Capétiens(Caen).

Gazeau, V. and M. Bouet, M. (eds.) (2003), La Normandie et l'Angleterre au Moyen Âge (Turnhout and Paris).

Gillingham, J. (1999), Richard I (London).

Gillingham, J. (2001), The Angevin Empire (2nd ed., London).

Harper-Bill, C., and Van Houts, E. (eds.) (2003), A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World (Woodbridge).

Holt, J.C. (1975),'The end of the Anglo-Norman realm', Proceedings of the British Academy 61, pp. 223-65.

Holt, J.C. (1984),'The loss of Normandy and royal finance', War and Government in the Middle Ages, ed. J. Gillingham and J.C. Holt (Woodbridge), pp. 92 105.

Jouet, R. (1983), Et la Normandie devint française (Paris).

Loyd, L.C. (1951), Origins of some Anglo-Norman families, ed. C.T. Clay and D.C. Douglas (Leeds).

Matthew, D.J.A. (1962), The Norman monasteries and their English possessions (Oxford).

Moss, V.D. (1999),'The Norman Exchequer Rolls of King John', King John: New Interpretations, ed. S.D. Church (1999), pp. 101-16.

Moss, V. (2002),'The defence of Normandy 1193-8', Anglo-Norman Studies XXIV, pp. 145-61.

Musset, L. (1982), 'Quelques problèmes de l'annexation de la Normandie au domaine royal français', La France de Philippe Auguste: le temps des mutations, ed. R.-H. Bautier (Paris), 291-307.

Norgate, K. (1912), The Minority of Henry III (London).

Nortier, M. (1995), 'Un rôle des biens tombés en la main du roi en la baillie de Lisieux après la conquête de la Normandie par Philippe Auguste', Annales de Normandie, 45, pp. 55-68.

Petit-Dutaillis, C. (1894), Étude sur la vie et le règne de Louis VIII (Paris).

Petit-Dutaillis, C. (1924-5), 'Le déshéritement de Jean sans Terre et le meurtre d'Arthur de Bretagne', Revue Historique, 147, pp. 161-203; 148, pp. 1-62.

Petit-Dutaillis, C. (1925), 'Querimoniæ Normannorum', Essays in medieval history presented to T.F. Tout, ed. A.G. Little and F.M. Powicke (Manchester), pp. 99-118.

Power, D. (2003a),'Angevin Normandy', Companion to the Anglo-Norman World, ed. C. Harper-Bill and E.M.C. van Houts (Woodbridge), pp. 63-85.

Power, D. (2003a),'The French interests of the Marshal earls of Striguil and Pembroke, 1189-1234', Anglo-Norman Studies XXV, pp. 199-224.

Power, D. (2003c), 'Terra regis Anglie et terra Normannorum sibi invicem adversantur': les héritages anglo-normands entre 1204 et 1244', La Normandie et l'Angleterre au Moyen Âge, ed. V. Gazeau and M. Bouet (Caen), pp. 123-41.

Power, D. (2004), The Norman frontier in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries (Cambridge).

Power, D. (2005),'The Norman Church and the Angevin and Capetian Kings', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 56, pp. 205-34.

Power, D. (2006), 'Les dernières années du régime angevin en Normandie', Plantagenêts et Capétiens: Confrontations et Héritages, ed. M. Aurell and N.-Y. Tonnerre (Turnhout, 2006), pp. 163-92.

Power, D. (2007),'L'établissement du régime capétien en Normandie', 1204: La Normandie entre Plantagenêts et Capétiens, ed. A. Flambard-Héricher and V. Gazeau (Caen), pp. 319-43.

Powicke, F. M. (1961), The loss of Normandy, 1189-1204: studies in the history of the Angevin Empire (2nd ed., Manchester).

Round, J. H. (1996), 'The counts of St. Pol in Essex and Kent'; revd. and completed by W.R. Powell, Essex Archaeology & History, 3rd series 27, pp. 193-201.

Sanders, I.J. (1960), English baronies: a study of their origin and descent (1086-1327) (Oxford).

Stacey, R.C. (1987), Politics, policy and finance under Henry III 1216-1245 (Oxford).

Stevenson, W.B. (1976), 'England, France and the Channel Islands, 1204-1259', La Société Guernesiaise, Report and Transactions, 19, pp. 569-76.

Stevenson, W.B. (1977), 'English rule in the Channel Isles in a period of transition, 1204-59', Société Guernesiaise. Report and Transactions, 20, pp. 234-58.

Strayer, J.R. (1932), The administration of Normandy under Saint Louis (Cambridge, Mass.).

Studd, R. (2002), 'Reconfiguring the Angevin empire, 1224-1259', England and Europe in the reign of Henry III (1216-1272), ed. B. K. U. Weiler and I. W. Rowlands (Ashgate), pp. 31-41.

Thomas, H.M. (2003), The English and the Normans: ethnic hostility, assimilation, and identity 1066-c.1220 (Oxford).

Thompson, K. (1996),'The lords of Laigle: ambition and insecurity on the borders of Normandy', Anglo-Norman Studies XVIII, pp. 177-99.

Thompson, K. (2000), Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: the county of Perche, 1000-1226 (Woodbridge).

Thompson, K. (2003), 'L'aristocratie anglo-normande et 1204', 1204: La Normandie entre Plantagenêts et Capétiens, ed. A. Flambard-Héricher and V. Gazeau (Caen), pp. 179-87.

Vincent, N.C. (1996), Peter des Roches: an alien in English politics 1205-1238 (Cambridge).

Vincent, N.C. (1997),'Twyford under the Bretons 1066-1250', Nottingham Mediaeval Studies 41, pp. 80-99.

Vincent, N.C. (1998),'The borough of Chipping Sodbury and the Fat Men of France', Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Record Society 116, pp. 42-59.

Warren, W.L. (1978, King John (2nd ed., London).

Weiler, B.K.U., and Rowlands, I.R. (eds.) (2002), England and the Continent in the Thirteenth Century (Aldershot).